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Official name Archaeological Site of Delphi Type Cultural Criteria i, ii, iii, iv and vi Designated 1987 (12th ) Reference no. State Party Region Delphi ( or;: Δελφοί ) is famous as the ancient sanctuary that grew rich as the seat of, the consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. Moreover, the Greeks considered Delphi the (or centre) of the world, as represented by the stone monument known as the. It occupies an impressive site on the south-western slope of, overlooking the coastal plain to the south and the valley of.

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It is now an extensive archaeological site with nearby. It is recognised by as a in having had a phenomenal influence in the ancient world, as evidenced by the rich monuments built there by most of the important ancient Greek city-states, demonstrating their fundamental unity. Delphi among the main Greek sanctuaries Delphi is located in upper central Greece, on multiple plateaux along the slope of, and includes the Sanctuary of Apollo, the site of the ancient. This semicircular spur is known as, and overlooks the Pleistos Valley. In myths dating to (510-323 BC), Zeus determined the site of Delphi when he sought to find the centre of his 'Grandmother Earth' (). He sent two eagles flying from the eastern and western extremities, and the path of the eagles crossed over Delphi where the, or navel of Gaia was found. Earlier myths include traditions that, or the Delphic oracle, already was the site of an important oracle in the pre-classical Greek world (as early as 1400 BC) and, rededicated from about 800 BC, when it served as the major site during classical times for the worship of the god.

Apollo was said to have slain, a 'drako' a serpent or a dragon who lived there and protected the of the. 'Python' (derived from the verb πύθω ( pythō), 'to ') is claimed by some to be the original name of the site in recognition of Python which Apollo defeated.

The recalled that the ancient name of this site had been Krisa. Others relate that it was named Pytho and that Pythia, the priestess serving as the oracle, was chosen from their ranks by a group of priestesses who officiated at the temple. Excavation at Delphi, which was a post-Mycenaean settlement of the late 9th century, has uncovered artifacts increasing steadily in volume beginning with the last quarter of the 8th century BC. Pottery and bronze as well as tripod dedications continue in a steady stream, in contrast to. Neither the range of objects nor the presence of prestigious dedications proves that Delphi was a focus of attention for a wide range of worshippers, but the large quantity of valuable goods, found in no other mainland sanctuary, encourages that view.

's sacred precinct in Delphi was a panhellenic, where every four years, starting in 586 BC athletes from all over the Greek world competed in the, one of the four, precursors of the. The victors at Delphi were presented with a laurel crown ( stephanos) which was ceremonially cut from a tree by a boy who re-enacted the slaying of the Python. (These competitions are also called stephantic games, after the crown.) Delphi was set apart from the other games sites because it hosted the mousikos agon, musical competitions. These Pythian Games rank second among the four stephanitic games chronologically and in importance. These games, though, were different from the games at Olympia in that they were not of such vast importance to the city of Delphi as the games at Olympia were to the area surrounding Olympia. Delphi would have been a renowned city whether or not it hosted these games; it had other attractions that led to it being labeled the 'omphalos' (navel) of the earth, in other words, the centre of the world. In the inner hestia () of the Temple of Apollo, an burned.

After the, the Greek cities extinguished their fires and brought new fire from the hearth of Greece, at Delphi; in the of several Greek colonies, the founding colonists were first dedicated at Delphi. Religious significance [ ]. Main articles: and Delphi is perhaps best known for its oracle, the, the or priestess at the sanctuary dedicated to Apollo. According to in the prologue of the, the oracle had origins in prehistoric times and the worship of, a view echoed by H.W. One tale of the sanctuary's discovery states that a goatherd, who grazed his flocks on Parnassus, one day observed his goats playing with great agility upon nearing a chasm in the rock; the goatherd noticing this held his head over the chasm causing the fumes to go to his brain; throwing him into a strange trance. Spoke through his oracle.

She had to be an older woman of blameless life chosen from among the peasants of the area. Alone in an enclosed inner sanctum (Ancient Greek adyton - 'do not enter') she sat on a tripod seat over an opening in the earth (the 'chasm'). According to legend, when Apollo slew Python its body fell into this fissure and fumes arose from its decomposing body.

Intoxicated by the vapours, the sibyl would fall into a trance, allowing Apollo to possess her spirit. In this state she prophesied. The oracle could not be consulted during the winter months, for this was traditionally the time when Apollo would live among the.

Would inhabit the temple during his absence. The time to consult pythia for an oracle during the year is determined from astronomical and geological grounds related to the constellations of Lyra and Cygnus but the hydrocarbon vapours emitted from the chasm. Similar practice was followed in other Apollo oracles too. While in a trance the Pythia 'raved' – probably a form of ecstatic speech – and her ravings were 'translated' by the priests of the temple into elegant hexameters.

It has been speculated that the ancient writers, including who had worked as a priest at Delphi, were correct in attributing the oracular effects to the sweet-smelling (Ancient Greek for breath, wind or vapour) escaping from the chasm in the rock. That exhalation could have been high in the known anaesthetic and sweet-smelling or other hydrocarbons such as known to produce violent trances.

Though this theory remains debatable the authors put up a detailed answer to their critics. Ancient sources describe the priestess using “” to inspire her prophecies. Several alternative plant candidates have been suggested including,, and. Harissis claims that a review of contemporary toxicological literature indicates that causes symptoms similar to those shown by the Pythia, and his study of ancient texts shows that oleander was often included under the term “laurel”.

The Pythia may have chewed oleander leaves and inhaled their smoke prior to her oracular pronouncements and sometimes dying from the toxicity. The toxic substances of oleander resulted in symptoms similar to those of epilepsy, the “sacred disease,” which may have been seen as the possession of the Pythia by the spirit of Apollo. Fresco of Delphic sibyl painted by Michaelangelo at the Sistine Chapel.

The Delphic Oracle exerted considerable influence throughout the Greek world, and she was consulted before all major undertakings including wars and the founding of. She also was respected by the Greek-influenced countries around the periphery of the Greek world, such as,, and even. The oracle was also known to the early Romans. Rome's seventh and last,, after witnessing a snake near his palace, sent a delegation including two of his sons to consult the oracle.

In 83 BC a Thracian tribe raided Delphi, burned the temple, plundered the sanctuary and stole the 'unquenchable fire' from the altar. During the raid, part of the temple roof collapsed.

The same year, the Temple was severely damaged by an earthquake. Thus the Oracle fell in decay and the surrounding area became impoverished. The sparse local population led to difficulties in filling the posts required.

The Oracle's credibility waned due to doubtful predictions. The oracle flourished again in the second century AD during the rule of emperor, who is believed to have visited the oracle twice and offered complete autonomy to the city. By the 4th century, Delphi had acquired the status of a. Looted several monuments, most notably the, which he used to decorate his new capital,. [ ] Despite the rise of Christianity across the Roman Empire, the oracle remained a religious centre throughout the 4th century, and the Pythian Games continued to be held at least until 424 AD; however, the decline continued.

The attempt of the emperor to revive polytheism did not survive his reign. Excavations have revealed a large three- basilica in the city, as well as traces of a church building in the sanctuary's gymnasium. The site was abandoned in the 6th or 7th centuries, although a single bishop of Delphi is attested in an episcopal list of the late 8th/early 9th centuries. Main article: Delphi was since ancient times a place of worship for, the connected with fertility.

The town started to gain pan-Hellenic relevance as both a shrine and an oracle in the 7th century BC. Initially under the control of settlers based in nearby (currently ), Delphi was reclaimed by the during the (597–585 BC). The conflict resulted in the consolidation of the, which had both a military and a religious function revolving around the protection of the.

This shrine was destroyed by fire in 548 BC and then fell under the control of the banned from Athens. In 449–448 BC, the (fought in the wider context of the between the led by and the led by Athens) resulted in the gaining control of Delphi and the management of the.

In 356 BC the Phocians under Philomelos captured and sacked Delphi, leading to the (356–346 BC), which ended with the defeat of the former and the under the reign of. Mydefrag Portable Download here. This led to the (339 BC), which culminated in the (338 BC) and the establishment of Macedonian rule over Greece. In Delphi, Macedonian rule was superseded by the in 279 BC, when a was repelled, and by the in 191 BC. The site was sacked by in 86 BC, during the, and by in 66 AD. Although subsequent Roman emperors of the contributed towards to the restoration of the site, it gradually lost importance until it was shut by in 381 AD.

Ottoman Delphi [ ]. Site plan of the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi. Occupation of the site at Delphi can be traced back to the period with extensive occupation and use beginning in the Mycenaean period (1600–1100 BC). Most of the ruins that survive today date from the most intense period of activity at the site in the 6th century BC. Temple of Apollo [ ] The ruins of the Temple of Delphi visible today date from the 4th century BC, and are of a building.

It was erected by, Xenodoros, and Agathon on the remains of an earlier temple, dated to the 6th century BC which itself was erected on the site of a 7th-century BC construction attributed to the architects Trophonios and Agamedes. The 6th-century BC temple was named the 'Temple of Alcmonidae' in tribute to the Athenian family who funded its reconstruction following a fire, which had destroyed the original structure. The new building was a Doric temple of 6 by 15 columns. This temple was destroyed in 375 BC by an earthquake. The sculptures are a tribute to of.

Of a similar proportion to the second temple it retained the 6 by 15 column pattern around the. Inside was the, the centre of the Delphic oracle and seat of Pythia. The temple had the statement ', one of the, carved into it (and some modern Greek writers say the rest were carved into it), and the maxims were attributed to Apollo and given through the oracle and/or the ('know thyself' perhaps also being attributed to other famous philosophers). The temple survived until AD 390, when the Roman emperor silenced the oracle by destroying the temple and most of the statues and works of art in the name of Christianity.

The site was completely destroyed by zealous Christians in an attempt to remove all traces of Paganism. The ruins of this temple decay at a faster rate than some of the other ruins on the Southern slopes of the Parnassos mountain. This is mostly due to the use of limestone, a softer material, along with porous stone. The reconstructed Treasury of Athens, built to commemorate their victory at the. From the entrance of the site, continuing up the slope almost to the temple itself, are a large number of statues, and numerous so-called treasuries.

These were built by many of the Greek city states to commemorate victories and to thank the oracle for her advice which was thought to have contributed to those victories. These buildings held the rich offerings made to Apollo; these were frequently a 'tithe' or tenth of the spoils of a battle. The most impressive is the now-restored, built to commemorate their victory at the in 490 BC. The was dedicated by the city of whose citizens gave a tithe of the yield from their silver mines until the mines came to an abrupt end when the sea flooded the workings. One of the largest of the treasuries was that of Argos. Built in the late Doric period, the Argives took great pride in establishing their place amongst the other city states.

Completed in 380BC, the treasury draws inspiration mostly from the Temple of Hera located in the Argolis, the acropolis of the city. However, recent analysis of the Archaic elements of the treasury suggest that its founding preceded this. Other identifiable treasuries are those of the Sikyonians, the Boeotians and the Thebans. Altar of the Chians [ ] Located in front of the Temple of Apollo, the main altar of the sanctuary was paid for and built by the people of.

It is dated to the 5th century BC by the inscription on its. Made entirely of black marble, except for the base and cornice, the altar would have made a striking impression. It was restored in 1920. Stoa of the Athenians [ ].

View of the Athenian Treasury; the Stoa of the Athenians on the Right. The leads off north-east from the main sanctuary.

It was built in the and consists of seven fluted columns, unusually carved from single pieces of stone (most columns were constructed from a series of discs joined together). The inscription on the indicates that it was built by the Athenians after their naval victory over the Persians in 478 BC, to house their war trophies. The stoa was attached to the existing Polygonal Wall. Sibyl rock [ ] The is a pulpit-like outcrop of rock between the Athenian Treasury and the upon the sacred way which leads up to the in the archaeological area of Delphi. It is claimed to be where an ancient Sibyl pre-dating the Pythia of Apollo sat to deliver her prophecies.

Main article: The at the sanctuary of (Ἀθηνᾶ Πρόνοια, 'Athena of forethought') is a circular building that was constructed between 380 and 360 BC. It consisted of 20 columns arranged with an exterior diameter of 14.76 meters, with 10 columns in the interior. The Tholos is located approximately a half a mile (800 m) from the main ruins at Delphi (at ). Three of the Doric columns have been restored, making it the most popular site at Delphi for tourists to take photographs. The architect of the 'vaulted temple at Delphi' is named by, in Book VII, as Theodorus Phoceus (not, whom Vitruvius names separately). Gymnasium [ ]. Main article: The is located further up the hill, beyond the via sacra and the theatre.

It was originally built in the 5th century BC but was altered in later centuries. The last major remodelling took place in the 2nd century AD under the patronage of when the stone seating was built and (arched) entrance. It could seat 6500 spectators and the track was 177 metres long and 25.5 metres wide. Hippodrome [ ] It was at the Pythian games that prominent political leaders, such as, tyrant of, and, tyrant of, competed with their chariots. The hippodrome where these events took place was referred to by, and this monument was sought by archaeologists for over two centuries. Its traces have recently been found at Gonia in the plain of in the place where the original stadium was sited.

Polygonal wall [ ]. Main article: The sacred spring of Delphi lies in the ravine of the Phaedriades. The preserved remains of two monumental fountains that received the water from the spring date to the period and the, with the latter cut into the rock. Athletic statues [ ] Delphi is famous for its many preserved athletic statues. It is known that Olympia originally housed far more of these statues, but time brought ruin to many of them, leaving Delphi as the main site of athletic statues., two brothers renowned for their strength, are modeled in two of the earliest known athletic statues at Delphi. The statues commemorate their feat of pulling their mother's cart several miles to the Sanctuary of Hera in the absence of oxen. The neighbors were most impressed and their mother asked Hera to grant them the greatest gift.

When they entered Hera's temple, they fell into a slumber and never woke, dying at the height of their admiration, the perfect gift. The is another ancient relic that has withstood the centuries. It is one of the best known statues from antiquity. The charioteer has lost many features, including his chariot and his left arm, but he stands as a tribute to athletic art of antiquity.

Architectural traditions [ ] Ancient tradition accounted for four temples that successively occupied the site before the 548/7 BC fire, following which the Alcmaeonids built a fifth. The poet celebrated the Alcmaeonid's temple in Pythian 7.8-9 and he also provided details of the third building ( Paean 8. Other details are given by (10.5.9-13) and the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (294 ff.). The first temple was said to have been constructed out of olive branches from. The second was made by bees out of wax and wings but was miraculously carried off by a powerful wind and deposited among the.

The third, as described by Pindar, was created by the gods and, but its architectural details included -like figures or 'Enchantresses', whose baneful songs eventually provoked the Olympian gods to bury the temple in the earth (according to Pausanias, it was destroyed by earthquake and fire). In Pindar's words, addressed to the: Muses, what was its fashion, shown By the skill in all arts Of the hands of Hephaestus and Athena? Of bronze the walls, and of bronze Stood the pillars beneath, But of gold were six Enchantresses Who sang above the eagle. But the sons of Opened the earth with a thunderbolt And hid the holiest of all things made.

Away from their children And wives, when they hung Their lives on the honey-hearted words. The fourth temple was said to have been constructed from stone by Trophonius and Agamedes. The Delphi Archaeological Museum [ ]. Archaeological Museum of Delphi, designed by The is at the foot of the main archaeological complex, on the east side of the village, and on the north side of the main road. The museum houses an impressive collection associated with ancient Delphi, including the earliest known notation of a melody, the famous Charioteer, golden treasures discovered beneath the Sacred Way, and fragments of reliefs from the Siphnian Treasury. Immediately adjacent to the exit (and overlooked by most tour guides) is the inscription that mentions the Roman proconsul.

Entries to the museum and to the main complex are separate and chargeable, and a reduced rate ticket gets entry to both. There is a small cafe, and a post office by the museum. Excavations [ ]. Main article: The site had been occupied by the village of since medieval times.

Before a systematic excavation of the site could be undertaken, the village had to be relocated but the residents resisted. The opportunity to relocate the village occurred when it was substantially damaged by an earthquake, with villagers offered a completely new village in exchange for the old site.

In 1893 the removed vast quantities of soil from numerous landslides to reveal both the major buildings and structures of the sanctuary of Apollo and of Athena Pronoia along with thousands of objects, inscriptions and sculptures. The site is now an archaeological one, and a very popular tourist destination. It is easily accessible from Athens as a day trip, and is often combined with the facilities available on Mount Parnassus, as well as the beaches and summer sports facilities of the nearby coast of. Baixar Cavaleiros Do Zodiaco Omega Completo Torrent more. The site is also protected as a site of extraordinary natural beauty, and the views from it are also: no industrial artefacts are to be seen from Delphi other than roads and traditional architecture residences (for example high voltage power lines and the like are routed so as to be invisible from the area of the sanctuary). Depiction of Delphi in art [ ].

Delphi by features the. After the foundation of the modern Greek state, the press becomes also interested in these travelers.

Thus 'Ephemeris' writes (): “In the 'Revues des Deux Mondes' published his memoirs from an excursion to Delphi. The French author relates in a charming style his adventures on the road, praising particularly the ability of an old woman to put back in its place the dismantled arm of one of his foreign traveling companions, who had fallen off the horse. In the Greek type is preserved intact. The men are rather athletes than farmers, built for running and wrestling, particularly elegant and slender under their mountain gear. Only briefly does he refer to the antiquities of Delphi, but he refers to a pelasgian wall 80 meters long, on which innumerable inscriptions are carved, decrees, conventions, manumissions'.

Gradually the first travelling guides appeared. The revolutionary 'pocket' books invented by, accompanied by maps useful for visiting archaeological sites such as Delphi (1894) and the informed plans, the guides became practical and popular. The photographic lens revolutionized the way of depicting the landscape and the antiquities, particularly from 1893 onwards, when the systematic excavations of the French Archaeological School started. However, artists such as Vera Willoughby, continued to be inspired by the landscape. Delphic themes inspired several graphic artists. Besides the landscape, /Sibylla become an illustration subject even on Tarot cards.

A famous example constitutes Michelangelo's Delphic Sibyl (1509), the 19th-century German engraving Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, as well as the most recent The Oracle of Delphi, inc on paper, by the Swedish Malin Lind. Modern artists are inspired also by the Delphic Maxims. Examples of such works are displayed in the 'Sculpture park of the European Cultural Center of Delphi' and in exhibitions taking place at the Archaeological Museum of Delphi. Delphi in literature [ ] Delphi inspired literature as well. Haygarth, friend of Lord Byron, refers to Delphi in his work 'Greece, a Poem'.

In 1888 published his lyric drama L’Apollonide, accompanied by music. More recent French authors used Delphi as a source of inspiration such as (Delphes du second jour) or Jean Sullivan (nickname of ) in L'Obsession de Delphes (1967), but also 's (1991). The presence of Delphi in Greek literature is very intense. Poets such as (The Delphic Hymn, 1894), (Delphic festival, 1927), (return from Delphi, 1957), (Delphi, 1961–62) and (Gas omphalos and Appropriate terrain 1988), to mention only the most renowned ones. Wrote The Dedication (of the Delphic speech) (1927), the Delphic Hymn (1927) and the tragedy Sibylla (1940), whereas in the context of the Delphic idea and the Delphic festivals he published an essay titled 'The Delphic union' (1930). The nobelist wrote an essay under the title 'Delphi', comprised in the book 'Dokimes'.

The importance of Delphi for the Greeks is significant. The site has been recorded on the collective memory and have been expressed through tradition., the famous Greek ethnographer, in his Studies on the life and language of the Greek people - part A, offers two examples from Delphi: a) the priest of Apollo (176) When Christ was born a priest of Apollo was sacrificing below the monastery of Panayia, on the road of Livadeia, on a site called Logari. Suddenly he abandoned the sacrifice and says to the people: 'in this moment was born the son of God, who will be very powerful, like Apollo, but then Apollo will beat him'.

He didn't have time to finish his speech and a thunder came down and burnt him, opening the rock nearby into two. [p. 99] b)The Mylords (108) The Mylords are not Christians, because nobody ever saw them cross themselves. They originate from the old pagan inhabitants of Delphi who kept their property in castle called Adelphi, named after the two brother princes who built it. When Christ and his mother came to the site, and all people around converted to Christianity they thought that they should better leave; thus the Mylords left for the West and took all their belongings with them. The Mylords come here now and worship these stones. [p. 59] See also [ ] • - made an honorary citizen of Delphi in 1997 • •, Delphic priestess of the 6th century BC, said to have been tutor to • •.