Mulvey in 2010 Born ( 1941-08-15) 15 August 1941 (age 76) Academic background Alma mater School or tradition Academic work Institutions Main interests and Laura Mulvey (born 15 August 1941) is a British. She was educated at,. She is currently professor of and. She worked at the for many years before taking up her current position. During the 2008–09 academic year, Mulvey was the Mary Cornille Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Humanities.

A glossary of art terms related to the painting of Johannes Vermeer and Dutch painting of the Golden Age.

Mulvey has been awarded three honorary degrees: in 2006 a Doctor of Letters from the; in 2009 a Doctor of Law from Concordia University; in 2012 a Bloomsday Doctor of Literature from University College Dublin. Contents • • • • • • • Film theory [ ] Mulvey is best known for her essay, 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema', written in 1973 and published in 1975 in the influential British film theory journal. It later appeared in a collection of her essays entitled Visual and Other Pleasures, as well as in numerous other anthologies. Her article, which was influenced by the theories of and, is one of the first major essays that helped shift the orientation of towards a. Prior to Mulvey, film theorists such as and used ideas in their theoretical accounts of the cinema.

Mulvey's contribution, however, inaugurated the intersection of, and. Mulvey states that she intends to use Freud and Lacan's concepts as a 'political weapon.' She employs some of their concepts to argue that the cinematic apparatus of inevitably put the spectator in a masculine subject position, with the figure of the woman on screen as the object of desire and 'the.' In the era of classical Hollywood cinema, viewers were encouraged to identify with the protagonists, who were and still are overwhelmingly male. Meanwhile, Hollywood women characters of the 1950s and '60s were, according to Mulvey, coded with 'to-be-looked-at-ness' while the camera positioning and the male viewer constituted the 'bearer of the look.'

Mulvey suggests two distinct modes of the of this era: 'voyeuristic' (i.e. Seeing woman as image 'to be looked at') and 'fetishistic' (i.e. Seeing woman as a substitute for 'the lack,' the underlying psychoanalytic fear of castration). Mulvey argues that the only way to annihilate the patriarchal Hollywood system is to radically challenge and re-shape the filmic strategies of classical Hollywood with alternative feminist methods. She calls for a new feminist avant-garde filmmaking that would rupture the narrative pleasure of classical Hollywood filmmaking.

She writes, 'It is said that analysing pleasure or beauty annihilates it. Martin Heidegger Was Ist Metaphysik Pdf Reader. That is the intention of this article.' 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema' was the subject of much discussion among film theorists that continued into the mid 1980s. Critics of the article pointed out that Mulvey's argument implies the impossibility of the enjoyment of classical Hollywood cinema by women, and that her argument did not seem to take into account spectatorship not organised along normative gender lines. Mulvey addresses these issues in her later 1981 article, 'Afterthoughts on 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema' inspired by King Vidor's Duel in the Sun (1946),' in which she argues a metaphoric ' in which a female viewer might oscillate between a male-coded and a female-coded analytic viewing position. These ideas led to theories of how gay, lesbian, and bisexual spectatorship might also be negotiated.

Her article was written before the findings of the later wave of on the complex nature of fan cultures and their interaction with stars. Queer theory, such as that developed by, has grounded its work in Mulvey to explore the complex projections that many gay men and women fix onto certain female stars (e.g.,,,, ). Feminist critic wrote extensively to problematize Mulvey's central thesis that the spectator is male and derives visual pleasure from a dominant and controlling perspective. Studlar suggested rather that visual pleasure for all audiences is derived from a passive, masochistic perspective, where the audience seeks to be powerless and overwhelmed by the cinematic image.

Mulvey later wrote that her article was meant to be a provocation or a manifesto, rather than a reasoned academic article that took all objections into account. She addressed many of her critics, and clarified many of her points in 'Afterthoughts' (which also appears in the Visual and Other Pleasures collection). Mulvey's most recent book is titled Death 24x a Second: Stillness and the Moving Image (2006). In this work, Mulvey responds to the ways in which video and technologies have altered the relationship between and viewer.

No longer are audience members forced to watch a film in its entirety in a linear fashion from beginning to ending. Instead, viewers today exhibit much more control over the films they consume. In the preface to her book, therefore, Mulvey begins by explicating the changes that film has undergone between the 1970s and the 2000s. Whereas Mulvey notes that, when she first began writing about films, she had been 'preoccupied by ability to construct the female star as ultimate spectacle, the emblem and guarantee of its fascination and power,' she is now 'more interested in the way that those moments of spectacle were also moments of narrative halt, hinting at the stillness of the single celluloid frame.' With the evolution of film-viewing technologies, Mulvey redefines the relationship between viewer and film. Before the emergence of and DVD players, spectators could only gaze; they could not possess the cinema's 'precious moments, images and, most particularly, its idols,' and so, 'in response to this problem, the film industry produced, from the very earliest moments of fandom, a panoply of still images that could supplement the movie itself,' which were 'designed to give the film fan the illusion of possession, making a bridge between the irretrievable spectacle and the individual's imagination.'

These stills, larger reproductions of still-frames from the original reels of movies, became the basis for Mulvey's assertion that even the linear experience of a cinematic viewing has always exhibited a modicum of stillness. Thus, until a fan could adequately control a film to fulfill his or her own viewing desires, Mulvey notes that 'the desire to possess and hold the elusive image led to repeated viewing, a return to the cinema to watch the same film over and over again.' However, with digital technology, spectators can now pause films at any given moment, replay their favorite scenes, and even skip the scenes they do not desire to watch.

According to Mulvey, this power has led to the emergence of her 'possessive spectator.' Films, then, can now be 'delayed and thus fragmented from linear narrative into favorite moments or scenes' in which 'the spectator finds a heightened relation to the human body, particularly that of the star.' It is within the confines of this redefined relationship that Mulvey asserts that spectators can now engage in a sexual form of possession of the bodies they see on screen. Mulvey believes that avant-garde film 'poses certain questions which consciously confront traditional practice, often with a political motivation' that work towards changing 'modes of representation' as well as 'expectations in consumption.' Mulvey has stated that feminists recognize modernist avant-garde 'as relevant to their own struggle to develop a radical approach to art.” Phallocentrism and patriarchy [ ].

See also: Mulvey incorporates the Freudian idea of into 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema'. Using Freud's thoughts, Mulvey insists on the idea that the images, characters, plots and stories, and dialogues in films are inadvertently built on the ideals of patriarchies, both within and beyond sexual contexts. She also incorporates the works of thinkers like and meditates on the works of directors and. Within her essay, Mulvey discusses several different types of spectatorship that occur while viewing a film. Viewing a film involves unconsciously or semi-consciously engaging the typical societal roles of men and women.

The 'three different looks,' as they are referred to, explain just exactly how films are viewed in relation to phallocentrism. The first 'look' refers to the camera as it records the actual events of the film. The second 'look' describes the nearly act of the audience as one engages in watching the film itself. Lastly, the third 'look' refers to the characters that interact with one another throughout the film. The main idea that seems to bring these actions together is that 'looking' is generally seen as an active male role while the passive role of being looked at is immediately adopted as a female characteristic.

It is under the construction of patriarchy that Mulvey argues that women in film are tied to desire and that female characters hold an 'appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact'. The female actor is never meant to represent a character that directly effects the outcome of a or keep the story line going, but is inserted into the film as a way of supporting the male role and 'bearing the burden of ' that he cannot. As a filmmaker [ ] Mulvey was prominent as an avant-garde filmmaker in the 1970s and 1980s.

With, her husband, she co-wrote and co-directed Penthesilea: Queen of the Amazons (1974), (1977 – perhaps their most influential film), AMY! (1980), Crystal Gazing (1982), Frida Kahlo and Tina Modotti (1982), and The Bad Sister (1982). Penthesilea: Queen of the Amazons was the first of Mulvey and Wollen's films. In this film, Mulvey attempted to link her own feminist writings on the Amazon myth with the paintings of. These writings concerned themes such as male fantasy, symbolic language, women in relation to men and the patriarchal myth. Both filmmakers were interested in exploring ideology as well as the 'structure of mythologizing, its position in mainstream culture and notions of modernism.'

The film ventured into the territory of experimental filmmaking, previously explored by filmmakers such as. With, Mulvey and Wollen connected 'modernist forms' with a narrative that explored feminism and psychoanalytical theory. This film was fundamental in presenting film as a space 'in which the female experience could be expressed.' Was a film tribute to Amy Johnson and explores the previous themes of Mulvey and Wollen's past films. One of the main themes of the film is that women 'struggling towards achievement in the public sphere' must transition between the male and female worlds. Crystal Gazing exemplified more spontaneous filmmaking than their past films.

Many of the elements of the film were decided once production began. The film was well received but lacked a 'feminist underpinning' that had been the core of many of their past films. The last films of Mulvey and Wollen as a team, Frida Kahlo and Tina Modotti and The Bad Sister revisited feminist issues previously explored by the filmmakers. In 1991, Mulvey returned to filmmaking with Disgraced Monuments, which she co-directed with. This film examines 'the fate of revolutionary monuments in the Soviet Union after the fall of communism.' See also [ ] • • • • • References [ ].

Newhouse Center for the Humanities,. Archived from on 30 December 2008.

• Mulvey, Laura (2005), 'Preface', in Mulvey, Laura, Death 24 x a second: stillness and the moving image, London: Reaktion Books, p. 7,. • ^ Mulvey, Laura (2005), 'The possessive spectator', in Mulvey, Laura, Death 24 x a second: stillness and the moving image, London: Reaktion Books, p. 161,.

• ^ Jacobus, Mary (1978). Women Writing and Writing about Women. • ^ Mulvey, Laura (Autumn 1975).... 16 (3): 6–18.. • ^ O'Pray, Michael (1996).

The British Avant-Garde Film, 1926–1995: An Anthology of Writings. University of Luton Press.. Retrieved 2016-03-04. Further reading [ ] • Mulvey, Laura (Autumn 1975).... 16 (3): 6–18.. • Studlar, Gaylyn (1993). In the realm of pleasure.

New York: Columbia University Press.. • Mulvey, Laura (1996). How The Internet Works Preston Gralla Pdf To Word. Fetishism and curiosity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.. • Mulvey, Laura (1992).

'Citizen Kane'. BFI Film Classics Series. London: BFI Publishing.. • Mulvey, Laura (Autumn 2004).., special issue: Beyond the Gaze: Recent Approaches to Film Feminisms.. 30 (1): 1286–1292.. • Mulvey, Laura (2005).

Death 24x a second. London: Reaktion Books.. • Balaram, Rakhee (2007).... • Mulvey, Laura (2009), Visual and other pleasures (2nd ed.), Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire England New York: Palgrave Macmillan, External links [ ] • Media related to at Wikimedia Commons • at the 's • Laura teaches on the.

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